Node Storage
Node storage is the persistent and temporary disk capacity used by blockchain client software for blocks, state, indexes, receipts, logs, snapshots, caches,…
Crypto & Blockchain Fundamentals
Core concepts behind cryptocurrency, blockchain and distributed systems.
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Terms (367)
Non-Validating Node
A non-validating node is a blockchain node that does not independently perform full protocol validation of every block, transaction, or state transition…
Nonce
A nonce is a number or value intended for one-time use in a cryptographic or blockchain process. Depending on the protocol, it…
Nonce Challenge
A nonce challenge is a fresh, usually unpredictable value that one party asks another party to sign or otherwise process to prove…
Nonce Gap
A nonce gap occurs in an account-based blockchain when a transaction with a higher sequence nonce is submitted while one or more…
Nonce Replacement
Nonce replacement is the submission of a new account-based blockchain transaction using the same nonce as an earlier pending transaction, usually with…
Null Address
A null address is a reserved or conventional blockchain address used to represent no valid recipient, an unset value, or an operation…
Object Account
An object account is an account-like on-chain container used to own and group resources associated with a programmable object. The term is…
Observer Node
An observer node is a blockchain node that follows, verifies, relays, or exposes network data without proposing blocks or casting consensus votes.…
Off-Chain Governance
Off-chain governance is a process for discussing, coordinating, and deciding changes to a blockchain without recording the decision itself as an executable…
Off-Chain Transaction
An off-chain transaction is a transfer, update, or agreement processed outside a blockchain’s normal block-by-block execution. The parties or an intermediary may…
Offline Transaction
An offline transaction is a blockchain transaction that is constructed and usually signed on a device or environment without direct network access.…
On-Chain Governance
On-chain governance is a mechanism in which governance proposals, votes, or execution steps are recorded and processed by blockchain logic. Token holders,…
On-Chain Transaction
An on-chain transaction is an authorized instruction submitted to a blockchain, validated by network rules, and recorded in the chain’s accepted history.…
One-Confirmation Payment
A one-confirmation payment is a blockchain payment that a merchant accepts after the transaction is included in one canonical block under the…
Optimistic Confirmation
An optimistic confirmation is a fast, provisional indication that a transaction is expected to remain accepted even though stronger settlement guarantees have…
Orphan Transaction
An orphan transaction is a transaction that a node cannot fully validate because a required parent transaction or referenced output is missing…
Parent Block
A parent block is the earlier block directly referenced by a new child block. The reference links blocks into an ordered chain…
Pay-to-Script-Hash Address
A Pay-to-Script-Hash address, or P2SH address, is a Bitcoin destination that commits to the hash of a redeem script rather than exposing…
Payment State
Payment state is the system’s current authoritative classification of a payment, such as new, waiting, paying, paid, underpaid, expired, refunding, or refunded.…
Payment State Machine
A payment state machine is a formal model that defines payment states, the events that move a payment between them, and the…
Payment State Management
Payment state management is the operational and technical discipline of creating, updating, reconciling, and governing payment states throughout the payment lifecycle. It…
Payment State Tracking
Payment state tracking is the continuous recording and observation of a payment’s lifecycle position and the evidence behind each change. It follows…
Payment State Transition
A payment state transition is an approved change from one payment state to another after a defined event and validation rule. Examples…