Gas Limit
A gas limit is the upper bound on execution gas units a sender allows a transaction to use. It is not the…
Crypto & Blockchain Fundamentals
Core concepts behind cryptocurrency, blockchain and distributed systems.
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Terms (367)
Gross Transaction Value (GTV)
Gross Transaction Value, or GTV, is the total monetary value of transactions processed during a defined period before subtracting refunds, fees, chargebacks,…
Hash
A hash is a fixed-length or bounded-size output produced by applying a hash function to input data. In blockchain systems, hashes identify…
Hash Digest
A hash digest is the output value produced by a hash function for a particular message or data object. It is often…
Hash Function
A cryptographic hash function converts input data into a fixed-length digest that is easy to compute and extremely difficult to reverse or…
Hashed Timelock Contract (HTLC)
A hashed timelock contract is a conditional payment mechanism that releases funds when a recipient reveals a secret value matching a known…
Hexadecimal
Hexadecimal is a base-16 notation that represents binary data with the characters 0 through 9 and A through F. Each hexadecimal character…
HMAC
HMAC (Hash-Based Message Authentication Code) is a cryptographic method that combines a secret key with a hash function to prove that a…
Immutability
Blockchain immutability means that accepted historical records are designed to be difficult to change without detection and without overcoming the network's security…
Independent Verification
Independent verification is the ability to confirm blockchain data or protocol results using one’s own node, proofs, or separately obtained evidence rather…
Irreversibility
Irreversibility is the condition in which a completed blockchain transfer cannot be canceled or restored through the payment network in the way…
Key Ceremony
A key ceremony is a formally controlled process for generating, activating, backing up, transferring, rotating, or destroying high-value cryptographic keys. It normally…
Key Derivation
Key derivation is the controlled creation of one or more cryptographic keys from a source secret, shared secret, password, seed, or master…
Key Escrow
Key escrow is an arrangement in which a cryptographic key, recovery component, or enough information to reconstruct it is held by an…
Key Revocation
Key revocation is the formal action of declaring that a cryptographic key must no longer be trusted for future authorization, signing, decryption,…
Key Rotation
Key rotation is the planned replacement of an active cryptographic key with a new key while preserving service continuity and authorization. Rotation…
Late Blockchain Payment
A late blockchain payment is a payment transaction that reaches the designated address or invoice after the stated payment window has expired.…
Longest Chain
The longest chain is the blockchain branch with the greatest length under a simplified fork-choice description. In proof-of-work systems, the precise rule…
Max Fee Per Gas
Max fee per gas is the maximum execution-gas price, commonly set by an Ethereum sender, that the transaction is authorized to pay.…
Max Priority Fee Per Gas
Max priority fee per gas specifies the largest tip per gas unit a sender is willing to pay a block proposer on…
Merkle Block
A Merkle block is a partial Bitcoin block data structure used to prove that selected transactions are included in a block without…
Merkle Branch
A Merkle branch is the ordered set of sibling hashes needed to connect a selected leaf or subtree to a Merkle root.…
Merkle Path
A Merkle path is the sequence of nodes, sibling hashes, and positional directions used to move from a selected leaf to a…
Merkle Root
A Merkle root is the final hash at the top of a Merkle tree. It acts as a compact commitment to a…