Gas Limit
Gas limit is the maximum amount of computational gas a transaction or block is allowed to consume on an EVM-based network. A…
Crypto & Blockchain Fundamentals
Core concepts behind cryptocurrency, blockchain and distributed systems.
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Terms (367)
Gross Transaction Value (GTV)
Gross Transaction Value, or GTV, is the total monetary value of transactions processed during a defined period before subtracting refunds, fees, chargebacks,…
Hash
A hash is a fixed-length or bounded-size output produced by applying a hash function to input data. In blockchain systems, hashes identify…
Hash Digest
A hash digest is the output value produced by a hash function for a particular message or data object. It is often…
Hash Function
A hash function maps input data of arbitrary or variable length to a fixed-length or bounded output called a hash digest. Cryptographic…
Hashed Timelock Contract (HTLC)
A hashed timelock contract is a conditional payment mechanism that releases funds when a recipient reveals a secret value matching a known…
Hexadecimal
Hexadecimal is a base-16 notation that represents binary data with the characters 0 through 9 and A through F. Each hexadecimal character…
HMAC
HMAC (Hash-Based Message Authentication Code) is a cryptographic method that combines a secret key with a hash function to prove that a…
Immutability
Immutability is the practical resistance of accepted blockchain history to later alteration. Cryptographic linking, replicated validation, consensus, and economic security make rewriting…
Independent Verification
Independent verification is the ability to confirm blockchain data or protocol results using one’s own node, proofs, or separately obtained evidence rather…
Irreversibility
Irreversibility is the condition in which a completed blockchain transfer cannot be canceled or restored through the payment network in the way…
Key Ceremony
A key ceremony is a formally controlled process for generating, activating, backing up, transferring, rotating, or destroying high-value cryptographic keys. It normally…
Key Derivation
Key derivation is the controlled creation of one or more cryptographic keys from a source secret, shared secret, password, seed, or master…
Key Escrow
Key escrow is an arrangement in which a cryptographic key, recovery component, or enough information to reconstruct it is held by an…
Key Revocation
Key revocation is the formal action of declaring that a cryptographic key must no longer be trusted for future authorization, signing, decryption,…
Key Rotation
Key rotation is the planned replacement of an active cryptographic key with a new key while preserving service continuity and authorization. Rotation…
Late Blockchain Payment
A late blockchain payment is a payment transaction that reaches the designated address or invoice after the stated payment window has expired.…
Longest Chain
The longest chain is the blockchain branch with the greatest length under a simplified fork-choice description. In proof-of-work systems, the precise rule…
Max Fee Per Gas
Max fee per gas is the highest total price per gas unit that a sender authorizes for an EIP-1559 transaction. It must…
Max Priority Fee Per Gas
Max priority fee per gas is the highest proposer tip per gas unit that a sender is willing to pay in an…
Merkle Block
A Merkle block is a partial Bitcoin block data structure used to prove that selected transactions are included in a block without…
Merkle Branch
A Merkle branch is the ordered set of sibling hashes needed to connect a selected leaf or subtree to a Merkle root.…
Merkle Path
A Merkle path is the sequence of nodes, sibling hashes, and positional directions used to move from a selected leaf to a…
Merkle Root
A Merkle root is a single cryptographic commitment calculated from many data items arranged in a Merkle tree. Changing a committed item…