Merkle Tree
A Merkle tree is a hash-based tree that combines many data items into a single root commitment. Leaves represent hashed records, and…
Crypto & Blockchain Fundamentals
Core concepts behind cryptocurrency, blockchain and distributed systems.
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Terms (367)
Message Propagation
Message propagation is the peer-to-peer spread of transactions, blocks, votes, or other protocol messages across a blockchain network. Each node receives, validates,…
Meta Transaction
A meta transaction is a blockchain interaction authorized by a user’s signature but submitted to the network by another party, usually a…
Meta-Transaction Payment
A meta-transaction payment is a blockchain payment in which the payer authorizes the transfer or payment action through a signed message while…
Multi-Confirmation Payment
A multi-confirmation payment is a blockchain payment that must accumulate more than one confirmation or reach multiple defined settlement checkpoints before the…
Multi-Input Transaction
A multi-input transaction is a blockchain transaction that consumes value or authorization from more than one input source. In UTXO systems, it…
Multi-Output Transaction
A multi-output transaction is a blockchain transaction that creates value or state assignments for more than one destination. In UTXO systems, one…
Multisignature Account
A multisignature account is an account whose transactions or administrative actions require approval from a defined threshold of multiple authorized keys. A…
Multisignature Address
A multisignature address is a blockchain address associated with a spending condition that requires multiple signatures or approvals. It may encode or…
Native Transfer
A native transfer moves a blockchain’s built-in asset using the network’s base transaction mechanism rather than a token contract. Examples include bitcoin…
Network Scalability
Network scalability is a blockchain network’s ability to support growth in users, nodes, transactions, and data exchange without unacceptable congestion, latency, bandwidth…
Node Availability
Node availability is the degree to which a blockchain node is reachable, synchronized, responsive, and capable of providing its intended service when…
Node Bootstrapping
Node bootstrapping is the process by which a new or reset blockchain node obtains trusted network configuration, finds peers, downloads chain data,…
Node Connectivity
Node connectivity is the quality and diversity of a blockchain node’s active communication links with peers and dependent services. It includes the…
Node Database
A node database is the local persistent data store used by blockchain client software to maintain blocks, headers, state, indexes, receipts, peer…
Node Failure
A node failure is a condition in which a blockchain node can no longer perform one or more required functions correctly. The…
Node Health
Node health is the combined operational condition of a blockchain node across synchronization, connectivity, database integrity, resource usage, software status, and role-specific…
Node Identity
Node identity is the cryptographic or protocol-level identifier a blockchain node uses to authenticate itself to peers and maintain a recognizable network…
Node Key
A node key is the cryptographic private key a blockchain node uses to establish or prove its peer-to-peer identity. Its public component…
Node Latency
Node latency is the delay experienced when a blockchain node receives, processes, propagates, or responds to protocol and application data. It can…
Node Pruning
Node pruning is the controlled deletion of blockchain data that a node no longer needs for its configured role, while retaining enough…
Node Recovery
Node recovery is the controlled restoration of a failed, corrupted, compromised, or outdated blockchain node to a verified operational state. Recovery can…
Node Restart
A node restart is the stopping and starting of blockchain client software or its host while preserving the node’s configured identity, keys,…
Node Snapshot
A node snapshot is a point-in-time representation of blockchain state or node data used to accelerate bootstrapping, backup, migration, or recovery. It…