Read-Only Node
A read-only node is a blockchain node configured or deployed mainly to query, index, verify, and serve chain data without producing blocks,…
Crypto & Blockchain Fundamentals
Core concepts behind cryptocurrency, blockchain and distributed systems.
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Terms (367)
Rebroadcast
Rebroadcast is the repeated submission of the same signed transaction to network peers when it is no longer visible, was not widely…
Receipt
A receipt is a record showing that a transaction, payment, or system action was processed and describing its result. In blockchain applications,…
Recipient Address
A recipient address is the blockchain destination specified to receive an asset or become the target of a transaction. Depending on the…
Relay Node
A relay node is a node that forwards network traffic, transactions, blocks, or connections between participants that may not communicate directly. It…
Resource Account
A resource account is a protocol-specific account controlled through program logic rather than an ordinary user-held private key. On Aptos, resource accounts…
Reverted Transaction
A reverted transaction is a blockchain transaction that was included and executed but failed to apply its intended state changes. On Ethereum-style…
Ring Signature
A ring signature is a digital signature that proves a message was signed by one member of a defined group of public…
RLP Encoding
RLP encoding is Ethereum’s recursive length-prefix serialization method for representing nested byte strings and lists. It encodes structure and length but leaves…
Scalability
Scalability is a blockchain system’s ability to support growing transaction demand, users, data, and application activity without unacceptable increases in cost, delay,…
Scalability Trilemma
The scalability trilemma is a framework describing the difficulty of maximizing decentralization, security, and scalability at the same time in a blockchain…
Secret Key
A secret key is confidential cryptographic material used to create signatures, decrypt data, derive other keys, or authenticate a participant. In blockchain…
Sender Address
A sender address is the blockchain address identified as the originator or authorizing account of a transaction. In account-based networks it is…
Sequencer Confirmation
A sequencer confirmation is an early status indicating that a layer-two sequencer has accepted and ordered a transaction in its local chain…
Serialized Transaction
A serialized transaction is a transaction converted from structured fields into the exact ordered byte representation defined by a blockchain protocol. Serialization…
Session Account
A session account is a temporary or restricted account used to authorize a limited set of actions for a defined period, application,…
Signature Aggregation
Signature aggregation is a cryptographic technique that combines multiple signatures into a smaller aggregate proof that can be verified against multiple public…
Signature Scheme
A signature scheme is the complete set of algorithms and rules used to generate keys, sign messages, and verify digital signatures. It…
Signature Verification
Signature verification is the cryptographic process of checking whether a digital signature is valid for a specific message and public key under…
Signed Transaction
A signed transaction is a transaction that includes the cryptographic authorization required by its protocol or account policy. The signature proves control…
Smart Account
A smart account is a blockchain account whose authorization and execution behavior is controlled by programmable logic rather than only a fixed…
Soft Finality
Soft finality is a practical but reversible level of confidence that a block or transaction will remain in accepted history. It may…
Sparse Merkle Tree
A sparse Merkle tree is a Merkle-based authenticated data structure designed for a very large fixed key space in which most possible…
Stale Transaction
A stale transaction is a transaction that is no longer likely to execute as intended because its state assumptions, nonce, inputs, fees,…