Digital Ownership
Digital ownership is the recognized ability to control, transfer, or exercise rights over a digital asset or record. On a blockchain, control…
Crypto & Blockchain Fundamentals
Core concepts behind cryptocurrency, blockchain and distributed systems.
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Terms (367)
Digital Signature
A digital signature is a cryptographic value created with a private key to authorize data and allow others to verify that the…
Distributed Ledger
A distributed ledger is a shared record maintained across multiple systems that coordinate updates under agreed rules. Participants may replicate, validate, or…
Double Spending
Double spending is an attempt to use the same digital value in conflicting transactions so more than one recipient believes they were…
Durable Nonce
A durable nonce is a Solana mechanism that lets a transaction remain valid beyond the network’s normal recent-blockhash expiration window. A nonce…
Dust Transaction
A dust transaction is a blockchain transaction involving an amount so small that spending or processing it may be uneconomic or operationally…
Effective Throughput
Effective throughput is the rate of useful, successfully completed blockchain work delivered to users or applications after accounting for failed transactions, retries,…
Empty Block
An empty block is a valid blockchain block that contains no ordinary user transactions, although it may still include mandatory protocol data,…
Epoch Block
An epoch block is a block identified by its position at the beginning, end, or checkpoint boundary of a consensus epoch. The…
Event Log
An event log is a structured record emitted during smart-contract execution and stored in the transaction receipt. On EVM networks, logs contain…
Execution Scalability
Execution scalability is a blockchain system’s ability to process more transactions, smart-contract operations, or state transitions without unacceptable increases in cost, latency,…
Extended UTXO (EUTXO)
Extended UTXO, or EUTXO, is an accounting model that extends the traditional unspent transaction output model with richer scripts and data attached…
External Block Builder
An external block builder is a specialized party or service that constructs a candidate block or execution payload separately from the validator,…
Externally Owned Account (EOA)
An externally owned account, or EOA, is an Ethereum-style account controlled directly by a private key rather than by smart-contract code. An…
Fee Pressure
Fee pressure is the upward competitive force on transaction fees when demand for limited block or execution capacity exceeds the space available.…
Fee Rate
A fee rate is the transaction fee offered per unit of serialized size or weight, commonly expressed in satoshis per virtual byte…
Finality Proof
A finality proof is verifiable evidence that a block, checkpoint, transaction, or state commitment has satisfied a protocol’s finalization rules. Depending on…
Finality Reversion
Finality reversion is the removal, replacement, or rejection of a block or state that had previously been treated as finalized. Under a…
Finality Threshold
A finality threshold is the minimum voting power, signature weight, accumulated work, or other protocol-defined evidence required before a block or checkpoint…
Finality Time
Finality time is the elapsed period between a transaction or block’s initial acceptance and the moment the protocol considers its containing history…
Finality Violation
A finality violation occurs when a consensus protocol produces or accepts incompatible finalized histories, breaking its safety guarantee. It generally requires validator…
Finalized Block
A finalized block is a block that has satisfied the network’s formal finality rule and is not expected to be removed by…
Finalized Throughput
Finalized throughput is the rate at which transactions, operations, or units of work become finalized rather than merely submitted, executed, or included…
Finalized Transaction
A finalized transaction is a transaction whose successful or failed execution is recorded in a block that has reached the network’s formal…