Stale Block
A stale block is a valid block that loses the canonical-chain race because another competing branch becomes the accepted history. Fork-choice rules…
Blockchain Networks & Protocols
Networks, consensus systems, protocols and blockchain infrastructure.
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Terms (543)
State Sharding
State sharding partitions blockchain state across shards so individual nodes store and process only assigned portions rather than the entire state. The…
Stellar Address
A Stellar address is an encoded identifier for an account, contract, or multiplexed destination, with type and checksum information in its format.…
Stellar Network
Stellar is a decentralized payment and asset network using the Stellar Consensus Protocol, accounts, operations, and lumens for fees and reserves. Transactions…
Stuck Transaction
A stuck transaction is a valid-looking transaction that remains pending longer than the expected inclusion or processing window. Typical causes include an…
Sui Address
A Sui address is a 32-byte hexadecimal identifier used for accounts and other addressable entities within Sui's object-based execution model. Account addresses…
Supported Network
A supported network is a blockchain network that a wallet, exchange, payment provider, or application has explicitly enabled for a particular asset…
Synchronous Consensus
Synchronous consensus assumes a known upper bound on message delivery and processing time, allowing participants to use deadlines when deciding progress. These…
System Account
A system account is a protocol-controlled account reserved for built-in operations, configuration, fees, or state rather than an ordinary user's private key.…
Testnet
A testnet is a separate blockchain network used to test wallets, contracts, protocol upgrades, and integrations without putting mainnet assets at risk.…
The Open Network (TON)
The Open Network is a sharded proof-of-stake blockchain designed for scalable smart contracts, message-based applications, and digital payments. Accounts have state and…
Time Oracle
A time oracle supplies a protocol or smart contract with an agreed time value when native block timing is insufficient. Blockchains already…
Time to Finality
Time to finality is the elapsed time between a transaction or block reaching a defined starting point and becoming final under the…
TON Address
A TON address identifies an account or contract using a workchain and account identifier, commonly encoded in raw or user-friendly form. User-friendly…
TON Blockchain
The TON Blockchain is a proof-of-stake, sharded smart-contract platform designed for high-throughput applications and payments. It uses workchains and shardchains coordinated by…
Transaction Acceleration
Transaction acceleration is an attempt to improve a pending blockchain transaction’s inclusion probability by increasing its effective fee or attaching another incentive…
Transaction Broadcasting
Transaction broadcasting is the delivery of a signed blockchain transaction to a node, provider, or peer so it can be validated, relayed,…
Transaction Data Availability
Transaction data availability means the information needed to reconstruct and verify transactions or state transitions is accessible to network participants. Blockchains may…
Transaction Dependency
A transaction dependency exists when one transaction's validity, inputs, ordering, or result relies on another transaction or state change. Dependencies constrain mempool…
Transaction ID (TxID)
A transaction ID is an identifier used to reference a blockchain or payment transaction. In many blockchain systems it is the transaction…
Transaction Inclusion
Transaction inclusion occurs when a block producer places a transaction in a block that the network accepts under its consensus and validity…
Transaction Ordering
Transaction ordering is the protocol and producer process that determines the sequence in which valid transactions execute and affect shared state. Order…
Transaction Pinning
Transaction pinning is an attack that exploits mempool or replacement rules to keep a desired transaction package from confirming or being fee-bumped.…
Transaction Processing Unit (TPU)
Solana's Transaction Processing Unit is the validator pipeline that receives, verifies, schedules, executes, and records transactions during block production. Clients can send…