Stale Block
A stale block is a valid block that loses the canonical-chain race because another competing branch becomes the accepted history. Fork-choice rules…
Blockchain Networks & Protocols
Networks, consensus systems, protocols and blockchain infrastructure.
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Terms (543)
State Sharding
State sharding partitions blockchain state across shards so individual nodes store and process only assigned portions rather than the entire state. The…
Stellar Address
A Stellar address is an encoded identifier for an account, contract, or multiplexed destination, with type and checksum information in its format.…
Stellar Network
Stellar is a decentralized payment and asset network using the Stellar Consensus Protocol, accounts, operations, and lumens for fees and reserves. Transactions…
Stuck Transaction
A stuck transaction remains pending longer than expected without reaching confirmation, rejection, expiry, or another conclusive state. Causes can include insufficient fees,…
Sui Address
A Sui address is a 32-byte hexadecimal identifier used for accounts and other addressable entities within Sui's object-based execution model. Account addresses…
Supported Network
A supported network is a blockchain network that a wallet, exchange, payment provider, or application has explicitly enabled for a particular asset…
Synchronous Consensus
Synchronous consensus assumes a known upper bound on message delivery and processing time, allowing participants to use deadlines when deciding progress. These…
System Account
A system account is a protocol-controlled account reserved for built-in operations, configuration, fees, or state rather than an ordinary user's private key.…
Testnet
A testnet is a blockchain environment used to develop and test applications without putting the same value at risk as on the…
The Open Network (TON)
The Open Network is a sharded proof-of-stake blockchain designed for scalable smart contracts, message-based applications, and digital payments. Accounts have state and…
Time Oracle
A time oracle supplies a protocol or smart contract with an agreed time value when native block timing is insufficient. Blockchains already…
Time to Finality
Time to finality is the elapsed time between a transaction or block reaching a defined starting point and becoming final under the…
TON Address
A TON address identifies an account or contract using a workchain and account identifier, commonly encoded in raw or user-friendly form. User-friendly…
TON Blockchain
The TON Blockchain is a proof-of-stake, sharded smart-contract platform designed for high-throughput applications and payments. It uses workchains and shardchains coordinated by…
Transaction Acceleration
Transaction acceleration is an attempt to improve a pending blockchain transaction’s inclusion probability by increasing its effective fee or attaching another incentive…
Transaction Broadcasting
Transaction broadcasting is the delivery of a signed blockchain transaction to a node, provider, or peer so it can be validated, relayed,…
Transaction Data Availability
Transaction data availability means the information needed to reconstruct and verify transactions or state transitions is accessible to network participants. Blockchains may…
Transaction Dependency
A transaction dependency exists when one transaction can be processed only after another has produced a required output, state change, allowance, account…
Transaction ID (TxID)
A transaction ID, usually called a TxID, is an identifier calculated from a transaction’s encoded data.
Transaction Inclusion
Transaction inclusion means a network producer placed a transaction into an accepted block, ledger entry, or comparable consensus structure.
Transaction Ordering
Transaction ordering is the protocol and producer process that determines the sequence in which valid transactions execute and affect shared state.
Transaction Pinning
Transaction pinning is an attack or failure pattern in which an adversary exploits transaction relay, replacement or package-fee policies to make it…
Transaction Processing Unit (TPU)
Solana's Transaction Processing Unit is the validator pipeline that receives, verifies, schedules, executes, and records transactions during block production. Clients can send…