Scalable Transparent Argument of Knowledge (STARK)
A STARK is a scalable proof system that demonstrates correct computation using hashes and public randomness without a trusted setup. STARKs use…
Blockchain Networks & Protocols
Networks, consensus systems, protocols and blockchain infrastructure.
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Terms (543)
Seed Node
A seed node is a known network endpoint that helps a new peer discover other participants and begin joining a peer-to-peer network.…
Segregated Witness (SegWit)
Segregated Witness is a Bitcoin upgrade that separates signature witness data from transaction identifiers and introduces a weight-based block limit. Removing witness…
SegWit Address
A SegWit address encodes a Bitcoin witness program, directing funds to spending conditions evaluated under Segregated Witness rules. Version 0 commonly represents…
Sentry Node
A sentry node is a public-facing peer that shields a validator or protected node by relaying traffic and reducing direct network exposure.…
Sequencer Node
A sequencer node is the operational machine or process performing sequencing duties.
Settlement Layer
A settlement layer is the blockchain or protocol layer that accepts final state commitments, resolves disputes or verifies proofs, secures asset custody…
Shard Validator
A shard validator verifies and helps finalize transactions or data assigned to a particular shard under the network's validator-allocation rules. Networks may…
Sharding
Sharding divides a network’s workload or data across distinct partitions called shards.
Shared Mempool
A shared mempool is a transaction pool whose contents are propagated or jointly maintained among multiple block producers, sequencers, or validators. Peers…
Sidechain
A sidechain is an independent blockchain connected to another blockchain through a bridge or two-way asset-transfer mechanism. It can use different validators,…
Sidechain Bridge
A sidechain bridge locks, releases, burns, or mints assets and relays messages between a sidechain and another blockchain. Verification may rely on…
Simple Serialize (SSZ)
Simple Serialize is Ethereum consensus-layer serialization with deterministic encodings and Merkleization rules for specialized structured data and compact proofs. SSZ separates serialization…
Smart Contract
A smart contract is a program stored on a blockchain that executes defined rules when called by a transaction or another contract.…
Snowman Consensus
Snowman consensus is Avalanche's linear-chain consensus protocol, repeatedly sampling validators to build probabilistic confidence in one preferred block history. Because blocks form…
Social Consensus
Social consensus is community agreement about legitimate rules, history, or governance when software alone cannot resolve a protocol-level dispute. Nodes enforce executable…
Soft Fork
A soft fork tightens blockchain validity rules so upgraded nodes reject some blocks that older nodes would still accept. Compatibility does not…
Soft Fork Activation
Soft fork activation is the process that determines when upgraded consensus restrictions begin being enforced by participating blockchain nodes. The activation method…
Solana Address
A Solana address is a 32-byte public identifier for an account, represented in base58 and derived from a key or program. Key-backed…
Solana Firedancer Client
The Solana Firedancer Client is an independently developed validator implementation built from the ground up for high performance, security isolation, and client…
Solana Network
Solana is a blockchain network that processes signed transactions made of one or more program instructions. It uses SOL as its native…
Sovereign Rollup
A sovereign rollup publishes data to another layer but has its own nodes determine validity, execution rules, forks, and canonical state. Users…
Sponsored Transaction
A sponsored transaction is a blockchain transaction whose network fee is paid or reimbursed by someone other than the user authorizing the…
Stake Account
A stake account is a dedicated on-chain account that records delegated stake, authorities, activation state, and rewards under a staking protocol. Delegation…