Major ICT-Related Incident
A major ICT-related incident is an ICT incident that meets defined materiality criteria because of its high adverse impact on technology systems,…
Security, Risk & Compliance
Security controls, fraud, operational risk and regulatory compliance.
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Terms (673)
Major Incident
A major incident is a high-impact disruption requiring urgent cross-functional coordination, elevated authority, communication, and prioritized service restoration. Major Incident should distinguish…
Majority Attack
A majority attack occurs when one actor or coordinated group controls enough consensus influence to manipulate blockchain ordering or confirmation. Majority Attack…
Malicious Signature
A malicious signature is a cryptographic signature obtained or created for an action that the signer did not understand, did not intend,…
Man-in-the-Browser Attack
A man-in-the-browser attack uses malicious browser code, an extension, injected script, or endpoint malware to observe or alter a transaction inside the…
Man-in-the-Middle Attack (MITM)
A man-in-the-middle attack occurs when an attacker secretly intercepts and may alter communications between parties that believe they are communicating directly. It…
Mandatory Access Control (MAC)
Mandatory access control is an access-control model in which a central authority defines security labels and rules that users and ordinary resource…
Market Abuse
Market abuse is conduct that undermines fair and orderly markets, including market manipulation, insider dealing, unlawful disclosure of inside information, and other…
Market Abuse Surveillance
Market abuse surveillance is the continuous or periodic monitoring of orders, trades, communications, accounts, and market data to detect patterns that may…
Market Manipulation
Market manipulation is intentional or reckless conduct that creates false or misleading signals about supply, demand, price, or liquidity, or that secures…
Marketplace Fraud
Marketplace Fraud is a fraud or abuse pattern that exploits a platform connecting buyers and sellers through deceptive listings, identities, payments, delivery,…
Marketplace KYC
Marketplace KYC identifies and verifies relevant sellers, buyers, or beneficiaries according to the platform's legal obligations and risk model. Marketplace KYC applies…
Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA)
The Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation is the European Union framework establishing uniform rules for specified crypto-asset issuers, asset-referenced and e-money tokens, and…
Material Incident
A material incident is an event significant enough to affect important operations, finances, customers, legal duties, governance, or stakeholder decisions. Effective handling…
Mempool Risk
Mempool risk is exposure created while blockchain transactions remain publicly observable, reorderable, replaceable, delayed, censored, or unconfirmed before inclusion. For Mempool Risk,…
Merchant Audit
A merchant audit evaluates a merchant's records, controls, transactions, products, compliance, security, and fulfillment against defined criteria and scope. Merchant Audit provides…
Merchant Collusion
Merchant collusion is coordinated misconduct in which a merchant or merchant insider cooperates with customers, fraudsters, affiliates, employees, or other merchants to…
Merchant Compliance
Merchant compliance is a merchant's adherence to applicable laws, licenses, payment rules, contracts, platform policies, and required operational controls. Merchant compliance covers…
Merchant Fraud
Merchant fraud occurs when a seller intentionally deceives customers, payment providers, platforms, or partners for financial or operational benefit. Controls for Merchant…
Merchant Risk
Merchant risk is the combined fraud, compliance, financial, security, operational, fulfillment, dispute, and reputational exposure created by a merchant relationship. Merchant Risk…
Merchant Risk Assessment
A merchant risk assessment identifies, analyzes, and documents the likelihood and impact of risks associated with accepting or supporting a merchant. Merchant…
Merchant Risk Rating
Merchant Risk Rating is a measurable uncertainty or exposure that assigns a merchant to a defined risk tier using evidence, methodology, thresholds,…
Merchant Risk Score
A merchant risk score is a numerical estimate used to compare or prioritize merchant exposure under a defined model and population. A…
Mesh Security
Mesh Security is a security mechanism or control discipline that distributes security controls and identity-aware policy across interconnected services, workloads, users, and…